The head of the family, L. Licinius Lucullus, went into exile, probably in 102, after being convicted of misconduct in Sicily the previous year, but he had two teenage sons at home, Lucius and Marcus, and Archias no doubt assisted with their education. Ciceros main point here is that Archias poem honours not just Lucullus but the Roman people as well: this is meant to show that Archias is useful to the Roman people, and so ought to be cherished by them. Teachers who recognized the numerous virtues of the first edition (1998) will equally welcome the second. In that speech Cicero is able to characterize the Greeks as clever talkers, certainly, but also deceitful, dishonest, fickle, and brazen, and motivated by a hatred of the Romans. Grattius, of course, has already delivered his speech, and has not asked such a question, but the question gives Cicero an excuse to embark upon his digression and, later, to parade Archias virtues. In Pro Archia Poeta, Cicero implied that Archias, a resident of Heraclea, might have qualified for citizenship under the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Bryn Mawr PA 19010. There are two pieces of misrepresentation in this sentence. Livius Drusus was a nobleman, a man II. Ciceros next argument begins with a rhetorical and effective (if not very logical) comparison between Archias and Homer: various Greek cities vie for the honour of having numbered Homer among their citizens, so Rome should be grateful that Archias belongs to her. Inst. The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. 4). The Lex Iulia granted Roman citizenship to all citizens of municipia on the Italic peninsula, provided they had not fought against Rome in the Social War. Great stress is laid, for example, on ita, sic, or tam preceding a result clause, or on the use of demonstrative pronouns to anticipate relative clauses, as in section 4: ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet. Pointing out such features crucially nudges students beyond the beginners tendency to atomize Latin into discrete, unconnected units and instead gets them to read longer sentences as coherent structures. This would be an ideal moment to demonstrate (and to explain) the artistry of Ciceros language. Cf. The effect on the jury of this roll-call of aristocratic names must have been considerable: it would make it abundantly clear that Archias, even allowing for some exaggeration on Ciceros part, enjoyed the patronage and favour of Romes leading families. 4.5);25 Ciceros claim here is that works of literature, whether Greek or Latin, have the same salutary effect. In Pro Archia, then, it is partly in order to minimize the political element that Cicero places so much emphasis on literary questions. If he can somehow imply that Archias trains advocates, then that will give a much more favourable impression than saying that he merely provides instruction in Greek poetry. The digressio begins as if in anticipation of a question from the prosecutor ( 12):You will no doubt ask me, Grattius, why I am so delighted with this man (Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur). Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on This is understandable in view of the higher social status of the Metelli. First, then, let us review 1217. (one sentence). Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations. He gracefully concedes the point, but then goes on to instance some outstanding Romans who did study literature ( 16): Ex hoc esse hunc numero quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem illum senem; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Cicero also wants to see that Archias is firmly set within the serious, masculine, and Roman context of warfare, rather than in the frivolous and self-regarding world of Greek poetry. Whether this reason or his desire to protect his old teacher weighed more heavily with him it would be foolish to speculate.14 A third reason not explicitly mentioned in the speech but quite clear from it is that Cicero wished to oblige the Luculli. First, M. Lucullus arranged for him to be granted honorary citizenship at Heraclea. Even if we had not been informed by the scholia (175 Stangl), we would, I think, have been able to tell that the praetor in question is Ciceros brother Quintus. The Pro Archia, then, is an oration with a complex network of layered meaning with broad cultural implications both for Cicero's audience and for readers today. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. Quint. It is most likely under this law that Archias was prosecuted. The edition is nearly error free.1 Two points deserve more substantive comment. While the speech itself is the legal defense of the poet Archias' claim to Roman citizenship, it also situates the debate of legal citizenship within a broader context of Roman cultural . After this, Cicero goes on to declare that poets are divinely inspired, and hence sacred. Cic. Such a characterization could not have been employed by Cicero unless the jury already held, or at least were disposed to hold, a similar view themselves. The oration was rediscovered in Lige by Petrarch in 1333.[2]. The prosecution laid out four accusations in its case against Archias: Because of Archias' close association with Lucullus, the case was probably a political attack directed at the politician by one of his many enemies. Such language does not occur often in Ciceros speeches, at least after the earlier ones:27 as we have already observed, the style of this speech is pitched at a higher level than normal. Roscius and Archias were artists of quite a different kind: Roscius was a Roman eques, now dead, who had acted in plays before large audiences; Archias was a Syrian immigrant who wrote poetry in Greek for a small number of aristocratic families. He finally arrived at Rome in 102, when C. Marius and Q. Lutatius Catulus were consuls. With typical rhetorical flourishes, Cicero asks the "cultivated audience and enlightened jury" 50 to allow this defense speech. The speech then comes to stand as proof of Archiass great teaching, as Ciceros exceptional command of language and rhetoric illustrates his teachers vast influence. Instead of beginning with cum ("since") as what would be expected, Cicero suspends it to the end of the phrase to bring attention to the gravity of the names he states. [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . This is a fair parallel, since Homer and Archias were both Greek poets who produced poems narrating the exploits of military leaders. At this point there is nothing further that Cicero can say that is directly relevant to the legal issue, and so the digressio ( 1230), consisting of the encomium of literature, intervenes. 5.8.3. Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. When Cicero states Primum Antiochaenam ibi natus est loco nobilicelebri quondam urbe (section 4), he slips in the detail loco nobili not in praise of Antioch, but rather in order to designate Archias social standing: he was born there into a good/noble family (cf. But the Luculli were aristocrats in the fishpond class (Att. First some nuts and bolts. In Pro Archia Poeta, Cicero implied that Archias, a resident of Heraclea, might have qualified for citizenship under the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria, 1 but chose instead to base his defense on Archias' status as a heralded Roman poet. Stripped to its essentials, the argument runs as follows:If I have any talent, experience in speaking, or technical skill in oratory derived from training in the liberal arts, then Archias has a strong claim on it. This second part can be subdivided in several ways (MacKendrick identifies the decisive breaks), but for the most part the transitions are gradual and one point merges into the next. It ends with a curious reference to the praetor in charge of the court ( 32): quae a foro aliena iudicialique consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipso studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta, ab eo qui iudicium exercet certo scio. In 13 he contrasts his own study of literature with the frivolous amusements of others: if others devote their spare time to the games, to parties, and dice, why should he not devote his to a pursuit which, he repeats, enables him to defend people in court? Cicero was always aware of the importance of entertaining and amusing his audiences, and he won them over partly by providing them with passages they would derive pleasure from listening to. You will ask me, Gratius, why I am so enthusiastic about this man. Although there is no direct evidence that this speech was a success, a later letter to Atticus suggests that Archias was indeed acquitted and remained a part of life at Rome. But all books, all the words of the wise and all history are full of examples which teach this lessonexamples which would all be lying in obscurity, had not the light of the written word been brought to them. He does not have documentary proof that Archias is a citizen of Heraclea, he says, because the public record office at Heraclea was burnt down in the Social War and all the records destroyed;19 but he can nevertheless produce M. Lucullus as a witness to Archias enrolment, and an official deputation has been sent from Heraclea with a written statement confirming Archias claim. He continued, however, to live in Rome. Latin Paleography, Editing, and the Transmission of Classi Maritime Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, Philosophy, Dialectic in Ancient Greek and Roman. That generation will be fortunate to begin reading the Pro Archia with this edition. 31.7). The extent of upper-class Roman prejudice regarding a mans place of origin is revealed by the fact that, in the year before Archias trial, Cicero himself had been described in the Senate by one patrician as animmigrant citizen (inquilinus civis, Sal. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Abstract. 61, already quoted). as for the part of my speech which was out of keeping with the Forum and the tradition of the courtswhen I discussed my clients talents and literary studies in generalI hope that this has been received in good part by you, gentlemen, as I know it has been by the man who is presiding over this court. In this regard C.s correct but unconnected observation on Ciceros avoidance of strict parallelism at the end of section 27 (sentence 2 on the note to togati iudices) strikes me as awkwardly formalistic (one wonders if Gotoffs analysis lurks in the background).3 Yet the immediately preceding comment (sentence 1) on Ciceros attempt to insert Archias into an esteemed line of Roman exempla both hits the mark and gives students food for thought. Poets (at least good ones) were of course highly esteemed by cultured Romans such as the Catuli, the Luculli, and Cicero himself, but such men were a minority. It was in Rome where Archias became a mentor and teacher of Cicero in his early education in rhetoric. He assumed the names of Aulus and Licinius, the last out of compliment to the Luculli, and Cicero had been for some time a pupil of his, and had retained a great regard for him. But even if he has, the jury may still feel reluctant to acquit Archias, because they are prejudiced against him. The occasional note that relates sentence structure or vocabulary choice to larger themes both fulfills pedagogical needs and also reminds us of the tricky balancing act between simply teaching and inspiring real interest in sophisticated texts with a readership at this level: fit your line solely with technical syntactical and rhetorical terms or with explanations of subjunctive X in subordinate clause Y and students are less likely to take the bait. Arch. Ciceros reasons for undertaking the defence are apparent from the speech. It is one of the best. The view it would have taken of sophisticated Greek poetry can easily be surmised. Inst. By this line of argument, Archias, though Greek, is turned into someone who helps to promote Roman values and bolsters Roman authority and tradition.22 He therefore has an important part to play in Roman society, and hence deserves his place within it as a Roman citizen. The legal argument now being triumphantly concluded, it might be assumed that Ciceros defence is over. Anth. (III) For when first Archias grew out of childhood, and out of the studies of those arts by which young boys are gradually trained and refined, he devoted himself to the study of writing. The argument itself is feeble (if rhetorically neat) and requires no further comment. Quam multas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt! By Adam Reiss and Dareh Gregorian. All good men wish their name to live on for ever after their lives are over; and whether or not Cicero, after his death, will have any awareness of his posthumous fame, he at least derives pleasure at this moment from the thought that his achievements will be remembered. Pal. Self-Reference in Ciceros Forensic Speeches, A Volscian Mafia? Or perhaps Archias had simply grown tired of praising the Romans, and felt confident that Cicero would forgive him if he failed to oblige. The introductory material places the Pro Archia among Ciceros most aesthetically powerful orations and stresses the speechs championing of humanistic principles. Cicero does not bother to mention the further censuses of 65 and 64, since the jury would be aware that they too had been abandoned. Cicero's defense of Archias follows a two-pronged argument. Cicero, for his part, had no wish to become embroiled in this conflict between Pompey and Lucullus, and was anxious to remain on friendly terms with both men;23 although the speech contains much praise of Lucullus, the one reference that there is to Pompey is highly complimentary ( 24). By now Cicero may or may not have persuaded the jury of Archias legal claim. Literature, he says, provides him with material for his speeches: it is therefore useful (this argument incidentally helps to reinforce the impression, given in the exordium, that Archias has in some way played a part in Ciceros rhetorical training). He is however certain the judges have received it gladly: quae a foro aliena iudicialique consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta, ab eo, qui iudicium exercet, certo scio. The idea that poets who honour great men honour the Roman people at the same time is continued in 22, but with Ennius as the example: Ennius praised the elder Scipio, the elder Cato, Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, M. Claudius Marcellus, and M. Fulvius Nobilior, and was rewarded with Roman citizenship. Thereafter, Archias was set up with a permanent residence in Rome in preparation for achieving full Roman citizenship. 1.79)). Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. Scholars all give the date as 62, citing our passage; but our passage is not so specific. 12). Ciceros defense of his teacher, the Pro Archia, is far from the expert orators most well-known work, yet it presents fascinating questions for analysis. This was a suitable house for a member of the nobility, as Cicero now was, and it would, incidentally, have been one of the ones frequented by Archias in the 90s, having been the residence then of M. Drusus (Vell. 4. There were examples of this in our fathers time, the younger Africanus, a godlike man, and C. Laelius and L. Furius, men of the greatest moderation and self-control, also the elder M. Cato, a most valiant man and the most learned of his day. If Cicero had wished to be less ambiguous he could have said:When I was a child, Archias was my tutor in Greek poetry, and I benefited from his teaching. He trained my voice, which I have used to save people on trial. The 6-foot-4, 251-pounder with a 79-inch wingspan and 4.63 speed had 3 1/2 sacks and nine tackles for loss last season with the Tigers. After the Social War, citizenship was granted to the allies by the lex Iulia in 90, and this was followed in 89 by a further measure, the lex Plautia Papiria, which among other provisions extended the citizenship to honorary citizens of federate states not resident in those states but nevertheless resident in Italy, provided that they reported to one of the praetors at Rome within sixty days.10 As an honorary citizen of Heraclea, which had been allied to Rome since 278, and being long resident in Rome, Archias duly reported to the praetor Metellus Pius within the specified period. Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur? Although technically delivered in a court of law, the speech possesses the unique characteristics of a more ornamental realm of oratory, epideictic, which includes speeches such as funeral orations, or laudatio funebris. Arch. The Romans seem to have found it advantageous to make use of every argument at their disposal, not merely the decisive ones: this can be observed not only in oratory but also for example in Lucretius. of good disposition, large fortune, respect- III. Phil. Examples of hendiadys abound, and C. carefully explains and smoothly translates these tricky bits of Ciceronian fullness, as in section 3, where tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia is both translated literally and then rendered as with so numerous a throng of men. Students are taught to distinguish the literal meaning from Ciceros meaning. Catiline would presumably not have made such a remark unless he expected it at least to carry some weight with some of the senators. At its most basic, the speech itself constitutes the In any case, Archias is mentioned once more by Cicero, in a philosophical treatise of 44, with affection (Div. A show of stylistic brilliance on Ciceros part will therefore reflect creditably on the man who taught him. It is not a passage that could not be included were it not for the presence of a sympathetic praetor. In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. 4. But if Cicero had written a treatise on literature for an educated readership outside the courtroom, we can be certain it would have had little resemblance to the version which was offered to Archias jury. Poetry, Latin: From the Beginnings through the End of the Roman Italy, 4th Century bce to 3rd Century ce, Theoderic the Great and Ostrogothic Italy, Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. 13.6.4), L. Licinius Murena, the consulelect. Cicero's oration Pro Archia Poeta ("On Behalf of Archias the Poet") is the published literary form of his defense of Aulus Licinius Archias, a poet accused of not being a Roman citizen. Archias was acquitted, as he surely deserved to be: of Ciceros clients, Archias is one of those of whom we can say with most certainty that he was innocent of the crime with which he was charged.15 We hear of him again in 61, presumably still living in Rome, and contemplating writing a poem for the Metelli (Att. The high stylistic level, secondly, serves to establish an atmosphere of culture and sophistication, and this too is something that was best done right from the start. D. 1.79), wrote a poem on Roscius (Div. 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We can infer this from the reticent tone Cicero feels it necessary to adopt in other speeches when he is discussing subjects with any kind of intellectual content. Manil. Others can more ably comment on the editions success in that regard. In one sentence Cicero mentions ten consuls, the entire political establishment of the previous generation: this is name-dropping on the grandest scale imaginable. He is represented as a genius, and as equalling theancient writers (veterum scriptorum)a phrase which leaves it conveniently vague whether we are to think of Greeks (Homer) or Romans (Ennius). Cicero mentions three benefits of literature: literature provides refreshment for the spirit and repose for the senses; it provides Cicero with inspiration for his daily speeches and therefore strengthens his oratorical powers; and it contains moral lessons and provides examples to contemplate and to emulate. Your email address will not be published. If Archias had not already possessed Roman citizenship, Cicero says, he could easily have obtained it as a favour from some general such as Sulla, or from his friend Metellus Pius ( 2526a). Some features of this site may not work without it. The tone of the passage is philosophical; but it is popular philosophy of a straightforward nature, designed to reassure rather than intimidate the jury. But the connection brought social advantages too. Sat. In addition to the vocabulary at the back C. has chosen to provide a running vocabulary on the left-hand page, thus sparing pointless flipping through either this edition or a dictionary. P. MacKendrick on the other hand, divides it into four parts, 1217a, 17b22, 237, and 2830.24 Without wishing to dispute either of these schemes, I prefer myself to divide the passage into just two basic parts. Finally, the digressio performs an important function in diverting attention from the political aspect of the trial. Archias's defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous year's Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. He reveals this thesis in lines 2022: He continues with this approach in the final lines of this section where he proposes that even if Archias were not enrolled as a citizen, his virtuous qualities should compel us to enroll him. Ciceros defense of Archias follows a two-pronged argument. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. What is interesting, however, is the way Cicero brings in a popular celebrity who has little or nothing to do with Archias and blatantly capitalizes on his star status and the affection in which he was held. Clearly Cicero is not thinking only of poetry at this point:scriptores et Graeci et Latini (the Greek and Latin writers) would apply equally to prose historiography or biography, genres which some members of the jury may personally have considered more valuable and worthwhile, or less reprehensible, than poetry. But there are other reasons too which should be mentioned. In Pro Murena and Pro Caelio, for example, this is done with humour. 1. 4.1.5460). Now since I am not making this speech before an ignorant rabble or before some gathering of rustics I shall be a little more bold in discussing those cultural studies with which you and I are so familiar, and which we find so agreeable. Archias had become eligible for Roman citizenship under the Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis Danda, passed in 90 BC, and the Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda, passed in 89 BC. A Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2017 found similar patterns in firearm owners' stated reasons for owning a gun.. Around half of Americans (48%) see gun violence as a very big problem in the country today, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in April 2021.
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