The Princes Era ended with the reign of Emperor Tewodros II. In 1573 Sultanate of Harar attempted to invade Ethiopia again however Sarsa Dengel successfully defended the Ethiopian frontier. In July, Emperor Haile Selassie gave the Derg key concessions to arrest military and government officials at every level. The regime's collapse was hastened by droughts and a famine, which affected around 8 million people and left 1 million dead, as well as by insurrections, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea. the Blue Nile and Atbara). Expeditions by Ezana into the Kingdom of Kush at Meroe in Sudan may have brought about its demise, though there is evidence that the kingdom was experiencing a period of decline beforehand. ", Richard Pankhurst, "Education in Ethiopia during the Italian fascist occupation (1936-1941). As Paul B. Henze explains: "Most Ethiopians thought in terms of personalities, not ideology, and out of long habit still looked to Haile Selassie as the initiator of change, the source of status and privilege, and the arbiter of demands for resources and attention among competing groups. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology, Donham Donald Donham, Lecturer in Social Anthropology Wendy James, Dr, PhD, Former Senior Lecturer in Mathematics Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11. [43] It was during this period that the Ethiopian king Gebre Mesqel Lalibela ordered the construction of the legendary rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into Eritrea, under Yohannes IV King of Tembien, whose forces led by Ras Alula won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien. In the early 1970s, the Ethiopian Communists received the support of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev. 1987 - Col Mengistu elected president under a new constitution. St George: The patron saint of England. [21][22] Muslims in the region as well as Adal Sultanate rejected the marriage alliance and repeatedly invaded Ethiopia, finally succeeding under Imam Mahfuz. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769). He is later sentenced to death. 63-126, "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo", "U.S. trainers prepare Ethiopians to fight", "Dr. Mulatu Teshome elected new President of Ethiopia", "Abiy Ahmed sworn in as Ethiopia's prime minister", "Sahle-Work Zewde becomes Ethiopia's first woman President", "Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians", "Ethiopia tops global list of highest internal displacement in 2018", "At least 23 die in weekend of Ethiopia ethnic violence", "Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence", "Preaching unity but flying solo, Abiy's ambition may stall Ethiopia's transition", "Beyond law enforcement Human rights violations by Ethiopian security forces in Amhara and Oromia", "Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rockets hit outskirts of Eritrea capital", "Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rights commission to investigate 'mass killings', "Ethiopia: Tigray leader confirms bombing Eritrean capital", "War in Ethiopia leaves a nation in trauma as atrocities, bomb attacks are reported", "Both sides in Ethiopian conflict are killing civilians, refugees say", "Nearly 25,000 Ethiopians flee to Sudan: state media", A Brief History of Trade and Business in Ethiopia from Ancient to Modern Times, Ethiopia Across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, A History of Early Twentieth Century Ethiopia, "History of Northern Ethiopia and the Establishment of the Italian Colony or Eritrea", https://doi.org/10.1177/096834459400100303, Ethiopian warrior, Ancient Greek Alabastron, 480-470 BC, "The history of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ethiopia&oldid=1152448450, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Alvares, Francisco in: Giovanni Battista Ramusio. South African Econmic Development. Blog. [29] The Zagwe kingdom, another dynasty with its capital at Adafa, emerged not far from modern day Lalibela in the Lasta mountains. Under the Solomonic dynasty, the chief provinces became Tigray (northern), what is now Amhara (central) and Shewa (southern). [84] By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, including during the reprisal Yekatit 12 massacre in Addis Ababa, in which as many as 30,000 civilians were killed. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. [129][130] Due to conflicts between TPLF's Militia and Ethiopian security forces in alliance with Amhara regional special forces, 25,000 refugees fled from Tigray to Sudan.[131]. In 1977 and 1978 the government tortured or killed hundreds of thousands of suspected enemies in the Red Terror. Organised farming begins in Egypt. Twentieth Century African Art. [32][30] The eponymously named Solomonic dynasty was founded and ruled by the Abyssinians, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp. [37], Some people believe that the end of the Axumite Kingdom is as mysterious as the beginning of it is. Like many other nations and denominations, the Ethiopian Church maintained a series of small chapels and even an annex at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Ethiopia remains highly impoverished, although its economy has become one of the world's fastest-growing. Spanish-American War breaks out; Pureto Rice, Spain, and the Philippines taken from Spain . The Constitution of 1931 was replaced with the 1955 constitution which expanded the powers of the Parliament. The Eritrean war for independence caused a string of events that led to the end of the empire in 1974 and the toppling of the Derg government in 1991, resulting in the independence of Eritrea by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front. Tewodoros afterwards devoted himself to modernizing and centralizing the legal and administrative structure of his kingdom, against the resistance of his governors. Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia from England to help rally the resistance. The Italian military dropped mustard gas in bombs, sprayed it from airplanes and spread it in powdered form on the ground. 2016 October - Government declares state of emergency following months of violent anti-government protests. Mentewab had herself crowned as co-ruler, becoming the first woman to be crowned in this manner in Ethiopian history. When he was of age, Menelik returned to Israel to see his father, who ordered the son of Zadok to accompany him back to Ethiopia along with a replica of the Ark of the Covenant (Ethiosemitic: tabot). In the north, in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia managed to repulse Ottoman invasion attempts, although losing its access to the Red Sea to them.[25]. His successor Afonso Mendes was less tactful, and excited the feelings of the people against him and his fellow Europeans. After the death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Italy signed a treaty with Shewa (an autonomous kingdom within the empire), creating the protectorate of Abyssinia. Homo sapiens idaltu, found in the Middle Awash in Ethiopia in 1997, lived about 160,000 years ago. This the Emperor refused to do, and at length Bermudes was obliged to make his way out of the country. After the defeat of Italy, Ethiopia underwent a short period of British military administration, and full sovereignty was restored in 1944, although some regions remained under British control for more years. The Italian army, under the direction of dictator Benito Mussolini, invaded Ethiopian territory on October 2, 1935. Unless Jarma is a nickname for Axum (hypothetically from Ge'ez girma, "remarkable, revered"), the capital had moved from Axum to a new site, yet undiscovered.[38]. [14] and caves in Somaliland dating back to around the time of Punt. Emperor Haile Selassie died on August 22, 1975. . But at least the shimaglle, the serfs, the chewa, the artisans and the traders constitute definite classes. The treasury of the Empire being allegedly penniless on the death of Iyasu, it suffered further from ethnic conflict between nationalities that had been part of the Empire for hundreds of yearsthe Amhara, Agaw, and Tigreans. He accompanied the king on a warlike expedition round Lake Tana, moving South round the eastern shore, crossing the Blue Nile (Abay) close to its point of issue from the lake and returning via the western shore. Here are some key dates in Ethiopian political history: * March 20, 1878 - Ethiopia's battling emperors Yohannes IV and Menelik II come face-to-face to thrash out their differences. In response to Bermudes message, a Portuguese fleet under the command of Estvo da Gama, was sent from India and arrived at Massawa in February 1541. [119] In September 2018 in the minorities protest that took place in Oromo near the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed. Even who should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although Carlo Conti Rossini proposed that Zoskales of Axum, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists (a view embraced by later historians of Ethiopia such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov[32] and Sergew Hable Sellasie), G.W.B. International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". As the Islamist forces were of no match against the Ethiopian regular army, they decided to retreat and merge among the civilians, and most of the ICU-held Somalia was quickly taken. Between 1528 and 1540, the Adal Sultanate attempted, under Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, to conquer the Ethiopian Empire. ", "F. M. Est. [2] The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya. In December 1976, an Ethiopian delegation in Moscow signed a military assistance agreement with the Soviet Union. Ethiopia experienced famine in 1984 that killed one million people and civil war that resulted in the fall of the Derg in 1991. He did this with the help of Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia. Cambridge University Press. Christianity was introduced into the country by Frumentius,[34] who was consecrated first bishop of Ethiopia by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria about 330 CE. [67] He began expanding his kingdom to the south and east, expanding into areas that had never been under his rule, resulting in the borders of Ethiopia of today. It was the second-to-last country in Africa to use the title of emperor, as after it came the short-lived Central African Empire, which lasted between 1976 and 1979 under Emperor Bokassa I. AP World History Timline. The origins of the Axumite Kingdom are unclear, although experts have offered their speculations about it. 241f. [118] GedeoOromo clashes between the Oromo and the Gedeo people in the south of the country led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018, with 1.4 million newly displaced people. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, and with the rise of radical Islamism, Ethiopia again turned to the Western powers for alliance and assistance. Slaves could be bought and sold (but not to non-Christians), and had limited legal rights. Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides. Emperor Haile Selassie's reign was interrupted in 1935 when Italian forces invaded and occupied Ethiopia. Iyasu II gave precedence to his mother and allowed her every prerogative as a crowned co-ruler, while his wife Wubit suffered in obscurity. By 1896, the Empire incorporated other regions such as Hararghe, Gurage and Wolayita,[17] and saw its largest expansion with the federation of Eritrea in 1952. By 1914 most of Africa had been claimed leaving Ethiopia and Liberia free. [40], Oromo migrations through the same period, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. Finally under Zara Yaqob a compromise was made between the new Egyptian bishops and the Ewostathians at the Council of Mitmaq in 1450, restoring unity to the Ethiopian church. [69][70] Some estimates for the number of people killed as a result of the conquest go into the millions. The Allies managed to drive the Italians out of the country in 1941, and Haile Selassie was returned to the throne from his 5 years exiled in Britain. One was the French physician C.J. Pankhurst, "Education in Ethiopia during the Italian fascist occupation (1936-1941)." [49] In 1520, the Portuguese fleet, with Matthew on board, entered the Red Sea in compliance with this request, and an embassy from the fleet visited the Emperor, Lebna Dengel, and remained in Ethiopia for about six years. [38], The Ottoman Empire made another attempt at conquering Ethiopia, from 1557, establishing Habesh Eyalet, the province of Abyssinia, by conquering Massawa, the Empire's main port and seizing Suakin from the allied Funj Sultanate in what is now Sudan. Many of the areas had been claimed as protectorates, spheres of influence, colonies, or economic imperialism. Despite this reverse, under Ezana and Kaleb the kingdom was at its height, benefiting from a large trade, which extended as far as India and Ceylon, and were in constant communication with the Byzantine Empire. Poncet, who went there in 1698, via Sennar and the Blue Nile. [48], Towards the close of the 15th century the Portuguese missions into Ethiopia began. After eliminating units loyal to him: the Engineers, the Imperial Bodyguard and the Air Force, the Derg removed General Aman from power and executed him on 23 November 1974, along with some of his supporters and 60 officials of the previous Imperial government. In order to bind him to them, the Empress arranged for Kassa to marry Ali's daughter. Covilh would establish positive relations between the two states and go on to remain there for many years. As much as the victory by the colonials was a rebuke to conventional wisdom so the battle of Adwa was to European attitudes towards Africans during the Age of Imperialism. [27] According to Ethiopian tradition, she ruled over the remains of the Aksumite Empire for 40 years before transmitting the crown to her descendants. Her attempt to continue in this role following the death of her son 1755 led her into conflict with Wubit (Welete Bersabe), his widow, who believed that it was her turn to preside at the court of her own son Iyoas. Quarter 4 timeline. [52], In the 17th and 18th centuries, much of the Oromo people gradually underwent conversion to Islam, especially around Harar, Arsi and Bale. [20] Under the rule of Zara Yaqob (14341468), the Hadiya Sultanate was invaded by Ethiopia and the captured Hadiya princess Eleni converted to Christianity leading to her marriage to Zara Yacob. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. 1973-74 - An estimated 200,000 people die in Wallo province as a result of famine. Ethiopia profile - Timeline 12 October 2020 A chronology of key events: 2nd century AD - Kingdom of Axum becomes a regional trading power. Ward (ed), Crummey, Donald. Tewodros forged an alliance between Britain and Ethiopia, but as explained in the next section, he committed suicide after a military defeat by the British. On the death of the Ras of Amhara, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his advisor Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind. The Egyptians sometimes called the Land of Punt, "God's-Land", due to the "large quantities of gold, ivory, and myrrh that could be easily obtained". Reilly, W. (1908). [51] On February 21, 1543, Al-Ghazi was shot and killed in the Battle of Wayna Daga and his forces were totally routed. Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.[46]. Thus, by 1898 Ethiopia expanded into its modern territorial boundaries. The old tradition of the Ethiopian emperors was travelling around the country accompanied by their many courtiers and innumerable soldiers, living off the produce of peasants, and dwelling in temporary encampments. In a recent Foreign Policy article, Robert D. Kaplan argues that Ethiopia will not fall apart despite the serious civil wars in which it is embroiled on several fronts. Originally thought to have been in the Orient, eventually the search for Prester John's mythical kingdom focused on Africa and particularly, the Christian empire in Ethiopia. 2006 December - Exiled former dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam is convicted, in absentia, of genocide at the end of a 12-year trial. 1994 - New constitution divides Ethiopia into ethnically-based regions. Pharaonic records indicate this possession of myrrh as early as the First and Second dynasties (31002888 BC), which was also a prized product of the Horn of Africa Region; inscriptions and pictorial reliefs also indicate ivory, panther and other animal skins, myrrh-trees and ostrich feathers from the African coastal belt; and in the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty (27892767 BC) a Puntite is mentioned to be in the service of the son of Cheops, the builder of the Great Pyramid. On February 11, 1855, Kassa deposed the last of the Gondarine puppet Emperors, and was crowned negusa nagast of Ethiopia under the name of Tewodros II. Detailed information about these two nations is sparse, and there are many theories concerning their locations and the ethnic relationship of their peoples. 1963 - First conference of the Organisation of African Unity held in Addis Ababa. As a result, it is not known whether Dmt ended as a civilization before Aksum's early stages, evolved into the Aksumite state, or was one of the smaller states united in the Aksumite kingdom possibly around the beginning of the 1st century. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. After World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie made numerous efforts to promote the modernization of his nation. The Ethiopians decimated the Italians and scored a spectacular victory by using rifles and bullets they had received from the Italian government. 1530-31 - Muslim leader Ahmad Gran conquers much of Ethiopia. Africa Timeline. According to the Kebra Nagast, Menelik I founded the Ethiopian empire in the 10thcentury BC. During this time Europe became a major world leader. They established bases on the northern highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau and from there expanded southward. British Empire claims India (Imperialism) . Unlike the Aksumites, the Zagwe were very isolated from the other Christian nations, although they did maintain a degree of contact through Jerusalem and Cairo. Later, after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Benito Mussolini's Italian Empire occupied Ethiopia and established Italian East Africa, merging it with neighboring Eritrea and the Italian Somaliland colonies to the south-east. Due to significant differences between the Italian and Amharic translations of the treaty, Italy believed they had subsumed Ethiopia as a protectorate, while Menelik II of Shewa repudiated the protectorate status in 1893. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the Emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government to forestall further developments in that direction. at the end of the 16th century. Procopius records that after about five years, Abraha deposed the viceroy and made himself king (Histories 1.20). [31], The first verifiable kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia was that of Axum in the 1st century CE.
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