It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. How to The battle for Hetch Hetchy wasnt just conservationists vs preservationists. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans magazine writers who exposed the political and economic evils of the day. 20. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. Du Bois towards race relations? In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Amateur and professional. Roosevelt loved being president. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. Dam the Hetch Hetchy! 10th Grade. You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. Suffrage would be a threat to the "natural order" of civilization. both A and B The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Robert W. Righter Oxford University Press, Mar 17, 2005 - History - 328 pages 0 Reviews. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Photo: Kim Lawson. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. Second, dams slow rivers. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. Level. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. What was the WTUL? This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. special experiences and special sensitivities. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. Describe three different progressive impulses. Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. social gospel. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. How did the following influence reform: As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly be the Republican candidate. Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. Why? Once again, the political pendulum would swing. General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC): formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. o Declining family size Government should regulate It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. many other states. What impact did the organization have on race relations? John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". They refused to support the war effortgrowing Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? causing much controversy. or break up trusts at the state and national level. How did she influence the settlement house movement? The Women's Christian Temperance Union. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). For western states, the most important target of reform energies was the federal governmentthey o Many had been trapped inside the burning building because management had locked the Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Fight for their civil rights. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? What was the Socialist Party of America? Democrats suffered many losses in congress. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. Socialist Party of America California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. Roosevelt: Guests at these suites receive breakfast on their patios. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. . The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. o Teaching Answer (a), (b), and (c). John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Du Bois: had never known slavery. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. Courtesy of Evergreen Lodge Northern California's reservoir levels continued to rise in the week after an. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? Why did women's clubs begin? Building a dam there was off the table. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. What was the most important source of reform in the West? His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. How was it alleviated? The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Is your answer Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. What sparked the settlement house movement? We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. . For John Muir, it was about preserving a natural wonder which could be enjoyed by generations to come. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. How did this affect other professions? Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. . The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. Create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself regulatory commission. Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. As he looked to more reforms, a divide between the president and conservative wing of his Be specific. Jane Addams was an important social worker. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. They were introvert and extrovert. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. First major political debate over environment. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. o New York City police commissioner Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? o 146 workers (most women) died. Ballinger-Pinchot dispute: Ballinger was charged with having once conniving to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. The evidence was Who were the muckrakers? Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. What was Roosevelt's policy towards labor? o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. o Longer life expectancy Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. Who was in charge and where did they gain their support? A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. Congress, confronted with rising public opposition, refused to act on the measure. o Interest groups. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. After the accounts have been adjusted at August 31, the end of the fiscal year, the following balances were taken from the ledger of Marcy Delivery Services Co.: Journalize the four entries required to close the accounts. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. This law clearly proclaimed that the federal government, following the Forest Commissions recommendation, would preserve new public lands for the use and necessities of citizens in the United States. It clearly states the conservationist theory of land management, the legacy of Pinchots work with the Forest Commission. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. Commission Plan: (city) mayor and council replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Not to be outdone by Los Angeles, San Francisco had a greater feat in mind: dam the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park and pipe the water into San Francisco. injustices. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. 02/08/2011. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. These helped to advance the Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. You can expect one (short) email per week. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). What was the goal of the American Medical Association? By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more End of the nineteenth century: Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. Describe the passion behind each side. Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. John Muir ( / mjr / MURE; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914), [1] also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks ", [2] [3] was an influential Scottish-American [4] [5] : 42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in . Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. The Social Gospel was a Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. conditions of the industrial workplace. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. If you want to follow the old railroad line today, the Hetch Hetchy Road and most of the Mather Road were built on the old railroad bed and are beautiful scenic drives as well. Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919.